Monday, January 26, 2015
Motorcycle Battery Monitor
A circuit for monitoring the status of the battery and generator is undoubtedly a good idea for motorcyclists, as for other motorists. However, not every biker is willing to drill the necessary holes in the cockpit for the usual LED lamps, or to screw on an analogue accessory instrument. The circuit shown here manages to do its job with a single 5-mm LED, which can indicate a total of six different conditions of the onboard electrical system. This is done using a dual LED that can be operated in pulsed or continuous mode (even in daylight). Built on a small piece of prototyping board and fitted in a mini-enclosure, the complete circuit can be tucked inside the headlamp housing or hidden underneath the tank.
Motorcycle Battery Monitor Circuit Diagram:
The heart of the circuit is IC2, a dual comparator. The comparator circuit is built without using any feedback resistors, with the indication being stabilised by capacitors C4 and C5 instead of hysteresis. Small 10-µF tantalum capacitors work well here; 220-µF ‘standard’ electrolytic capacitors are only necessary with poorly regulated generators. Voltage regulator IC1 provides the reference voltage for IC2 via voltage divider R2/R3. The onboard voltage is compared with the reference voltage via voltage dividers R4 /R5 and R6/R7, which are connected to the inverting and non-inverting comparator sections, respectively.
Using separate dividers allows the threshold levels to be easily modified by adjusting the values of the lower resistors. IC2a drives the anode of the red diode of LED D4 via pull-up resistor R10. The anode of the green diode is driven by IC2b and R11. T2 pulls R11 to ground, thereby diverting the operating current of the green diode of the LED, if the voltage of the electrical system exceeds a threshold level of 15 V (provided by Zener diode D3). The paralleled gate outputs on pins 10 and 11 of IC3 perform a similar task. However, these gates have internal current limiting, so they can only divert a portion of the current from the red diode of the LED.
The amount of current diverted depends on the battery voltage. The two gates are driven by an oscillator built around IC3a, which is enabled via voltage divider R14/R15 and transistor T1 when the battery voltage is sufficiently high. Depending on the state of IC3a, the red diode of the LED blinks or pulses.
The circuit is connected to the electrical system via fuse F1 and a low-pass filter formed by L1 and C1. If you cannot obtain a low-resistance choke, a 1-Ω resistor can be used instead. In this case, the values of C3, C4 and C5 should be increased some-what, in order to help stabilise the indication. D1 protects the circuit against negative voltage spikes, as well as offering protection against reverse-polarity connection. Due to its low current consumption (less than 30 mA), the circuit could be connected directly to the battery, but it is better to power it from the switched positive voltage.
Tuesday, January 6, 2015
Stabilized Power Supply Circuit 3 30V
This is a very useful project for anyone working in electronics.
It is a versatile power supply that will solve most of the supply problems arising in the everyday work of any electronics work shop.
Friday, December 12, 2014
Simple D I Y intercom schematic
This schematic use an old phones as an intercom. You may wish to use a 12 to 24V battery, like a Gel Cell, since the car power or cheap power wall wart style supply is probably too noisy.
Battery Charger for 12v
This is a design of the circuit diagram of a simple and straight forward battery charger that can be used to charge all type of 12V rechargeable batteries including car batteries.
This circuit is completed with ammeter VU for displaying the current. This is the figure of the circuit.
Remote Control IR Jammer
Remote Control IR Jammer
This circuit does all that and more by jamming most IR remote signals. The circuit releases a flood of pulsing IR light that confuses the reciever by corrupting the data stream.
Thursday, November 20, 2014
RF Amplifier circuit with 2SC1970 2N4427
RF power amplifier circuit of this work is based on the transistor 2SC1970 and 2N4427. The set output power of 88-108 MHz FM RF Amplifier With 2SC1970 is about 1.3W and the input driver is 30-50mW. RF driver amplifier circuit uses a 2N4427 and its power amplifier using a transistor 2SC1970.
At the time of the amplifier circuit tuning FM 88-108 MHz RF Amplifier With 2SC1970 should use the power meter / watt meter or SWR or RF field can also use the meter. RF amplifier circuit can work from the frequency of 88-108 MHz.
At the time of the amplifier circuit tuning FM 88-108 MHz RF Amplifier With 2SC1970 should use the power meter / watt meter or SWR or RF field can also use the meter. RF amplifier circuit can work from the frequency of 88-108 MHz.
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| RF Amplifier |
Circuit of 88-108 MHz FM RF Amplifier With RF 2SC1970 can radiate far enough. At the time of tuning you should use a 50 Ohm dummy load. For the input signal should be installed to regulate the VR level so as not to over-modulation (30-50mW).
Audio Amplifier Circuits 10W with Bass boost
Parts:P1 22K Log.Potentiometer (Dual-gang for stereo)
P2 100K Log.Potentiometer (Dual-gang for stereo)
R1 820R 1/4W Resistor
R2,R4,R8 4K7 1/4W Resistors
R3 500R 1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R5 82K 1/4W Resistor
R6,R7 47K 1/4W Resistors
R9 10R 1/2W Resistor
R10 R22 4W Resistor (wirewound)
C1,C8 470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C2,C5 100uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C3,C4 470uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C6 47pF 63V Ceramic or Polystyrene Capacitor
C7 10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C9 100nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
D1 1N4148 75V 150mA Diode
IC1 NE5532 Low noise Dual Op-amp
Q1 BC547B 45V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2 BC557B 45V 100mA PNP Transistor
Q3 TIP42A 60V 6A PNP Transistor
Q4 TIP41A 60V 6A NPN Transistor
J1 RCA audio input socket
Power supply parts:
R11 1K5 1/4W Resistor
C10,C11 4700uF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
D2 100V 4A Diode bridge
D3 5mm. Red LED
T1 220V Primary, 12 + 12V Secondary 24-30VA Mains transformer
PL1 Male Mains plug
SW1 SPST Mains switch
Comments:
This design is based on the 18 Watt Audio Amplifier, and was developed mainly to satisfy the requests of correspondents unable to locate the TLE2141C chip. It uses the widespread NE5532 Dual IC but, obviously, its power output will be comprised in the 9.5 - 11.5W range, as the supply rails cannot exceed ±18V.
As amplifiers of this kind are frequently used to drive small loudspeaker cabinets, the bass frequency range is rather sacrificed. Therefore a bass-boost control was inserted in the feedback loop of the amplifier, in order to overcome this problem without quality losses. The bass lift curve can reach a maximum of +16.4dB @ 50Hz. In any case, even when the bass control is rotated fully counterclockwise, the amplifier frequency response shows a gentle raising curve: +0.8dB @ 400Hz, +4.7dB @ 100Hz and +6dB @ 50Hz (referred to 1KHz).
Notes:Can be directly connected to CD players, tuners and tape recorders.
Schematic shows left channel only, but C3, C4, IC1 and the power supply are common to both channels.
Numbers in parentheses show IC1 right channel pin connections.
A log type for P2 ensures a more linear regulation of bass-boost.Dont exceed 18 + 18V supply.
Q3 and Q4 must be mounted on heatsink.
D1 must be in thermal contact with Q1.
Quiescent current (best measured with an Avo-meter in series with Q3 Emitter) is not critical.
Set the volume control to the minimum and R3 to its minimum resistance.
Power-on the circuit and adjust R3 to read a current drawing of about 20 to 25mA.Wait about 15 minutes, watch if the current is varying and readjust if necessary.
A correct grounding is very important to eliminate hum and ground loops. Connect in the same point the ground sides of J1, P1, C2, C3 &C4. Connect C9 at the output ground.
Then connect separately the input and output grounds at the power supply ground.
Technical data:
Output power: 10 Watt RMS @ 8 Ohm (1KHz sinewave)
Sensitivity: 115 to 180mV input for 10W output (depending on P2 control position)
Frequency response: See Comments above
Total harmonic distortion @ 1KHz: 0.1W 0.009% 1W 0.004% 10W 0.005%
Total harmonic distortion @ 100Hz: 0.1W 0.009% 1W 0.007% 10W 0.012%
Total harmonic distortion @10KHz: 0.1W 0.056% 1W 0.01% 10W 0.018%
Total harmonic distortion @ 100Hz and full boost: 1W 0.015% 10W 0.03%
Max. bass-boost referred to 1KHz: 400Hz = +5dB; 200Hz = +7.3dB; 100Hz = +12dB; 50Hz = +16.4dB; 30Hz = +13.3dB
Uses of Optoisolators
Consist of an LED (usually Infra-red) and a phototransistor close-coupled in a DIL IC package. Commonly used to isolate two sections of a circuit for safety reasons. An example where you want to swap your case power or drive activity LED for something with a bit more bling, without endangering the motherboard. The optoisolator diode is connected in place of the case LED.
Wednesday, November 19, 2014
Honda Motorcycle CB750F Ciruit Diagram
The afterward account shows the electrical base affiliation diagram for Honda Motorcycle CB750F. It shows the affiliation amid Honda genitalia such as the appropriate about-face arresting indicator light, oil burden admonishing light, aloof indicator, aerial axle indicator, about-face arresting indicator, tachometer lights, speedometer lights.
turn/signal active lights, headlight, about-face signal/running light, horn and horn button, clamp switch, advanced stop switch, about-face arresting ascendancy switch, dimmer switch, agent stop switch, atom units, aloof switch, oil burden switch, rear stop switch, fuses, agitation switch, amateur motor, battery, about-face arresting appropriate rear, appendage and anchor light, about-face arresting larboard rear, regulator/rectifier, alternator, agitation coils, beating generator, atom plugs, and additionally the blush code.
turn/signal active lights, headlight, about-face signal/running light, horn and horn button, clamp switch, advanced stop switch, about-face arresting ascendancy switch, dimmer switch, agent stop switch, atom units, aloof switch, oil burden switch, rear stop switch, fuses, agitation switch, amateur motor, battery, about-face arresting appropriate rear, appendage and anchor light, about-face arresting larboard rear, regulator/rectifier, alternator, agitation coils, beating generator, atom plugs, and additionally the blush code.
To Install S7562CZNUANB1 Android 4 1 2 Jelly Bean Firmware
Install Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean Official Firmware on Galaxy S Duos S7562C through Odin:
- Download Android 4.1.2 ZNUANB1 Firmware for Galaxy S Duos S7562C from the above list
- Download Odin 3.07
- Switch off your phone and boot Galaxy S Duos S7562C into Download Mode by pressing and holding the Volume Down+Home+Power buttons (long press until the boot Lcd appear), now press Volume Up key to proceed to Download Mode.
- Extract the downloaded Odin3.07 zip file and run the Odin3 v3.07.exe file as an administrator (Right click on the .exe file and click on Run as administrator)
- Now connect your Galaxy S Duos S7562C to your computer via USB cable
- In Odin3 Lcd, you should see a COM Port number like “0:[COM7]” at ID:COM section and “Added!” text at the message box. This means your device has been detected by Odin3.
- Make sure that, only the “Auto Reboot” and “F. Reset Time” options are checked.
- Now, extract the downloaded firmware zip file, you’ll find a firmware file with extension .tar.md5
- In Odin Lcd, click on PDA button and select the firmware file with .tar.md5 extension (The firmware file look something like: S7562CXXDLJ5_S7562CODDDLI7_INU.tar.md5)
- Now, click on the Start button to begin the installation process, wait few moments.
- Once completed, you would see “PASS!” message in ID:COM port having green background
- Your phone should automatically reboot after completion
- You can now disconnect your phone from computer
- Finish
Tuesday, November 18, 2014
Battery Charger using LM317 Regulator
This Battery Charger is very similar to the universal charger that uses the constant current load. But this is much simpler to build and can be built using only two parties, the LM317 regulator and resistance. The use of diode D is for protection against short circuits. Capacitors C1 and C2 is good voltage regulation. Resistance R2 operates a dummy load when the battery is disconnected. The idea of this magazine is the output current is equal to 1.2 V, divided by the value of R1.
Part List:
LM317
R1 - see the values in table below
R2 - 2.2 kilo-ohms 1/4W
C1,C2 - 47uF/25V, or any value will do, the higher the better
D - 1N4001 or any similar diode at-least 1A rated
Part List:
LM317
R1 - see the values in table below
R2 - 2.2 kilo-ohms 1/4W
C1,C2 - 47uF/25V, or any value will do, the higher the better
D - 1N4001 or any similar diode at-least 1A rated
Choose PIC or AVR ATMEGA
Microcontroller more and more, to choose to use the PIC 16F microcontroller or AVR family ATMEGA 8535 just need googling that here. System works sama2 work on both the base 8-bit PIC or AVR ATMEGA. PIC or AVR basically the same microcontroller that has an analog input facilities in accordance with what I need. Feature owned by PIC and AVR ATMEGA too much alike. From the PIC feature on the analog input also has AVR ATMEGA. Feature ADC also owned by PIC or AVR ATMEGA even between PIC and AVR ATMEGA is sama2 have ADC with many channels all (plus mantab all). From the feature control PWM PIC and AVR ATMEGA also have. Well bener2 added mantab world with the presence of PIC microcontroller or AVR ATMEGA this, first MCS51 family still AT89C5x or AT89S5x wrote that in use. After dipikir2 should also be detailed feature between PIC and AVR ATMEGA with details.
PIC family Featured PIC16F87X
High performance RISC CPU
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
All single cycle instructions except for program branches the which are two cycle
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory,
Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
Pinout compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
Eight level deep hardware stack
Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes
Power-on Reset (POR)
Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
Selectable oscillator options
Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH / EEPROM technology
Fully static design
In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins
Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability
In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
Processor read / write access to program memory
Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
High Sink / Source Current: 25 mA
Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges
Low-power consumption:
- <0.6 ma typical @ 3v, 4 mhz
- 20 μA typical @ 3V, 32 kHz
- <1 μa typical standby current
Pin Diagram
Peripheral Features:
Timer0: 8-bit timer / counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1: 16-bit timer / counter with prescaler, can be incremented During SLEEP via external crystal / clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer / counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Master / Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter (USART / SCI) with 9-bit address detection
Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Featured AVR ATMEGA 8535
High-performance, Low-power AVR ® 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
- 130 Powerful Instructions - Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
- 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
- Fully Static Operation
- Up to 16 MIPS throughput at 16 MHz
- On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories
- 8K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash Endurance: 10,000 Write / Erase Cycles
- Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
- 512 Bytes EEPROM Endurance: 100,000 Write / Erase Cycles
- 512 Bytes Internal SRAM
- Programming Lock for Software Security
Peripheral Features
- Two 8-bit Timer / Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
- One 16-bit Timer / Counter with Separate prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
- Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
- Four PWM Channels
- 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels for TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x for TQFP Package Only
- Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
- Programmable Serial USART
- Master / Slave SPI Serial Interface
- Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
- On-chip Analog Comparator
Special Microcontroller Features
- Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
- Internal calibrated RC Oscillator
- External and Internal Interrupt Sources
- Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended Standby
I / O and Packages
- 32 Programmable I / O Lines
- 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, 44-lead PLCC, and 44-pad QFN / MLF
Operating Voltages
- 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega8535L
- 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega8535
Speed Grades
- 0 - 8 MHz for ATmega8535L
- 0-16 MHz for ATmega8535
Traffic Lamps Circuit
Traffic lamps circuit controls 6 units LEDs (red, yellow, green). Time sequence followed CD4017 CMOS IC as a decade counter and NE 555 timer IC. counter output 1 to 4 using 4 diodes so that the (red-north / south) and (green) 4 LED is the first timers. counter to 5 (foot 10) turn (yellow) and (red). The counter 6 to 9 is also controlled by the 4 diodes (red and yellow). The time period for the red and green LED 4 times longer than the yellow LED. To adjust the speed by varying the 47K ohm resistor value. Eighth zener diode 4148 is divided into two parts and each got 4 input OR gate of IC CD 4017.
Component of traffic lamps Circuit :
- 4017 1 IC CD
- IC 555 NE 1
- red LED 2
- Yellow LED 2
- 2 green LEDs
- Jumper link
- Transistor C 9016 4
- 4148 8 zener diode
- 2 180-ohm resistor
- 1 47Kohm Resistor
- Resistor 1Kohm 1
- electrolit condensator a 10uf 50V
Monday, November 17, 2014
16W Bridge Amplifier using LM383
The afterward diagram is 16W Bridge audio amplifier circuit. The ambit congenital based 2 pieces of ability IC LM383 in arch connection, so this amplifier is an arch amplifier.
This is an old amplifier, LM383 is discontinued, so this LM383 ability be difficult to find. You can use ECG1232, TDA2002 or TDA2003 as the alter for LM383. Take a agenda that a heatsink bowl is appropriate to abstain overheating on the ICs.
2N3055 Power Amplifier
Simple and low cost. The optimal accumulation voltage is about 50V, but this amp assignment from 30 to 60V. The acute ascribe voltage is about 0.8 – 1V.
As you can see, in this architecture the apparatus accept a big tolerance, so you can body it about of the components, which you acquisition at home. The and transistors can be any NPN blazon ability transistor, but do not use Darlington types… The achievement ability is about 60W.
As you can see, in this architecture the apparatus accept a big tolerance, so you can body it about of the components, which you acquisition at home. The and transistors can be any NPN blazon ability transistor, but do not use Darlington types… The achievement ability is about 60W.
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| Click to view larger 2N3055 Power Amplifier Circuit Schematic Figure |
- capacitor C1 regulates the low frequencies (bass), as the capacitance grows, the low frequncies are accepting louder.
- capacitor C2 regulates the college frequencies (treble), as the capacitance grows, the college frequencies are accepting quiter.
- this is a chic B amplifier, this means, that a accepted charge breeze through the end transistors, alike if there is no arresting on the input. This accepted can be adapted with the 500Ω trimmer resistor. As this accepted incrases, the complete of the amplifier gets better, but the end transistors are added heating. But if this accepted decrases, the transistors are not heating so much, but the complete gets worse…
Booster BLW 60
In this post an opportunity, I upload booster BLW 60 which may be an inspiration to create home brew. Here I include a file layout that can be unlocked via software sprint layout. of course the software you can download here as well. ok g tuk need to talk at length, immediately wrote download the full data here
Sunday, November 16, 2014
Stereo Amplifier with Tube
Stereo amplifier is very simple, consisting of 5 active components including the power supply it. Series Stereo Amplifier With Tube was prepared with 5 units trioda tube consisting of 1 unit tubes 5Y3 GT vacuum rectifier, 2 tube tube trioda 6SF5 GT high-mu tube 6k6 and 2 units which form the power beam amplifiers. Power consumption for the circuit with a tube stereo amplifier is not more than 45 Watt. Current consumption for the circuit with a tube stereo amplifier is around 3A. A complete range of stereo amplifiers with this tube can be seen from the following series of images.
Stereo Amplifier With Tube
Sign Component Stereo Amplifier With Tube
R1, R10, R13 2.2M
R2 470K 1/2W
1 Meg 1/2W R3
R4 220K 1/2W
R5 330 Ohm 2W
R6 220K 1/2W
R7 2.2Meg 1/2W
R8 1Meg 1/2W
R9 720 Ohm 20W
R11 33K 1/2W
R12 22K 1/2W
C1, C9 400V 0.005uF
C2 0.05uF 600V
C3 20uF 25V
C4 0.01uF 400V
C5 200uuF 400V
C6, C7 15uF 450V
C8 15uF 400V
T1 117V Primary, Secondary 350VCT, 2 × 6.3V
T2 7600 Ohm Primary, Secondary 4 or 8 Ohm
SW1 SPST Switch
SP1, SP2 12 "4 / 8 ohm
C8 in the series stereo tube amplifier with the above serves to reduce radio frequency interference and to optimize the work of a wild series of ampifier stereo with these tubes.
Saturday, November 15, 2014
SOUND OPERATED SWITCH
A sound operated switch with a relay driver. We have described a sound operated switch circuit which will switch ON the light by just listening sound. Another advantage of this circuit is that you cannot get any electrical shock as we did not have to use any mechanical switch.This sensitive sound operated switch can be used with a dynamic microphone insert as above, or be used with an electret (ECM) microphone. If an ECM is used then R1 (shown dotted) will need to be included. A suitable value would be between 2.2k and 10kohms.
Circuit Diagram
Notes
This sensitive sound operated switch can be used with a dynamic microphone insert as above, or be used with an electret (ECM) microphone. If an ECM is used then R1 (shown dotted) will need to be included. A suitable value would be between 2.2k and 10kohms.
The two BC109C transistors form an audio preamp, the gain of which is controlled by the 10k preset. The output is further amplified by a BC182B transistor. To prevent instability the preamp is decoupled with a 100u capacitor and 1k resistor. The audio voltage at the collector of the BC182B is rectified by the two 1N4148 diodes and 4.7u capacitor. This dc voltage will directly drive the BC212B transistor and operate the relay and LED. It should be noted that this circuit does not "latch". The relay and LED operate momentarily in response to audio peaks.
The gain of the circuit and sensitivity is controlled by the 10k variable resistor on the emitter of the first (left hand side) transistor. A preset may be used if gain is fixed, a potentiometer should be used to trigger at different sound levels.
The relay contacts close and then open (momentary action) in response to audio peaks, these can be used to switch other circuit. The diode across the relay is the usual back emf diode and a 1N4003 or 1N4004 will work well here, preventing damage to the transistor.
Friday, November 14, 2014
WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER USING 8051
A water level controller based using 8051 is shown in this article. A lot of water level controller projects have been published in this website but the is the first one based on a microcontroller. This water level controller monitors the level of the overhead tank and automatically switches on the water pump whenever the level goes below a preset limit. The level of the overhead tank is indicated using 5 leds and the pump is switched of when the overhead tank is filled. The pump is not allowed to start if the water level in the sump tank is low and also the pump is switched off when the level inside the sump tank goes low during a pumping cycle. The circuit diagram of the water level controller is shown below.
The level sensor probes for the overhead tank are interfaced to the port 2 of the microcontroller through transistors. Have a look at the sensor probe arrangement for the overhead tank in Fig1. A positive voltage supply probe goes to the down bottom of the tank. The probes for sensing 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and FULL levels are placed with equal spacing one by one above the bottom positive probe. Consider the topmost (full level) probe, its other end is connected to the base of transistor Q4 through resistor R16. Whenever water rises to the full level current flows into the base of transistor Q4 which makes it ON and so its collector voltage goes low. The collector of Q4 is connected to P2.4 and a low voltage at P2.4 means the overhead tank is not FULL. When water level goes below the full level probe, the base of Q2 becomes open making it OFF. Now its collector voltage goes high and high at P2.4 means the tank is not full. The same applies to other sensor probes (3/4, 1/2, 1/4) and the microprocessor understands the current level by scanning the port pins P2.4 ,P2.5, P2.6 and P2.7. All these port pin are high (all sensor probes are open) means the tank is empty.
Port pin P0.5 is used to control the pump. Whenever it is required start pumping, the controller makes P0.5 low which makes transistor Q6 ON which in turn activates the relay K1 that switches the pump. Also the LED d6 glows indicating the motor is ON. LED D7 is the low sump indicator. When the water level in the sump tank goes low, the controller makes P0.7 low which makes LED D7 to glow. The circuit diagram of the water level controller is shown in the figure below.
Circuit Diagram
 |
| Fig. 1 |
Program
MOV P2,#11111111B // initiates P2 as sensor input
MOV P0,#11111111B // initiates P2 as the output port
MOV A,#00000000B
MAIN : ACALL SMPCK // checks the level of the sump tank
MOV A,P2 // moves the current status of P2 tp A
CJNE A,#11110000B,LABEL1 // checks whether tank is full
SETB P0.1
SETB P0.2
SETB P0.3
SETB P0.4
CLR P0.0 // glows full level LED
SETB P0.5
LABEL1 : MOV A,P2
CJNE A,#11111000B,LABEL2 // checks whether tank is 3/4
SETB P0.0
SETB P0.2
SETB P0.3
SETB P0.4
CLR P0.1 // glows 3/4 level LED
LABEL2 : MOV A,P2
CJNE A,#11111100B,LABEL3 // checks whether tank is 1/2
SETB P0.0
SETB P0.1
SETB P0.3
SETB P0.4
CLR P0.2 // glows 1/2 level LED
LABEL3 : MOV A,P2
CJNE A,#11111110B,LABEL4 // checks whether tank is 1/4
SETB P0.0
SETB P0.1
SETB P0.2
SETB P0.4
CLR P0.3 // glows 1/4 level LED
JB P0.6,LABEL4
CLR P0.5 // switches motor ON
LABEL4 : MOV A,P2
CJNE A,#11111111B,MAIN // checks whether tank is empty
SETB P0.0
SETB P0.1
SETB P0.2
SETB P0.3
CLR P0.4 // glows EMPTY LED
JB P0.6,MAIN // checks whether sump is low
CLR P0.5 // switches motor ON
SJMP MAIN
SMPCK : JB P0.6,LABEL5 // checks whether sump is low
SETB P0.7 // extinguishes the sump low indicator LED
SJMP LABEL6
LABEL5 : SETB P0.5 // switches the pump OFF
CLR P0.7 // glows sump low indicator LED
LABEL6 : RET
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